), A conclusion that there is no evidence that a treatment works, when it actually does work. The function that gives the probabilities that a variable equals each of a sequence of possible values. An analysis of the subset of participants from a randomised controlled trial who complied with the protocol sufficiently to ensure that their data would be likely to exhibit the effect of treatment. The application of additional diagnostic or therapeutic procedures to people receiving a particular programme of treatment. An analysis that controls (adjusts) for baseline imbalances in important patient characteristics. Document describing the policies and operating procedures of The Cochrane Collaboration. 2. the percentage of people in a city with a particular disease, or who smoke. Reviewers enter their Protocols and reviews into RevMan, from which they are exported and sent to a Managing Editor to be considered for inclusion in the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Lewis S, Clarke M. Forest plots: trying to see the wood and the trees.

About the Cochrane Library About Cochrane Reviews About Cochrane Review Groups Information for authors What's new Help. A review of a clearly formulated question that uses systematic and explicit methods to identify, select, and critically appraise relevant research, and to collect and analyse data from the studies that are included in the review. The Publication Arbiter does not replace The Cochrane Collaboration's Ombudsman, whose role is to help with disputes and conflict more generally. The chance or risk of something happening.
[In a case-control study:] A person in the group without the disease or outcome of interest. Variables include patient characteristics such as age, sex, and smoking, or measurements such as blood pressure or depression score. Data collected for this purpose will not be shared in an individually identified form. In meta-analysis, dose-response relationships can be investigated using meta-regression. An Authorized User commits a wilful material and persistent breach of Cochrane’s copyright or other intellectual property rights or in respect of usage rights or in respect of prohibited uses as described in these terms and conditions; An Authorized User rejects updates and/or modification to these terms and conditions; Cochrane becomes insolvent or becomes subject to receivership, liquidation or similar external administration. The process of intervening on people, groups, entities or objects in an experimental study. Populations may be defined by any characteristics e.g. Side effects are most commonly associated with pharmaceutical products, in which case they are related to the pharmacological properties of the drug at doses normally used for therapeutic purposes in humans. The statistical hypothesis that one variable (e.g. This is as opposed to an explanatory trial, which is done under ideal conditions and is trying to determine whether a therapy has the ability to make a difference at all (i.e. [In statistics:] Linear association between two variables, measured by a correlation coefficient. The date by which a user of the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (CDSR) can expect to have access to a completed review. A concept that refers to the number of independent contributions to a sampling distribution (such as chi-squared distribution). treatment) has no impact on outcome (e.g. Placebos are used in clinical trials to blind people to their treatment allocation. Sometimes called an ‘open label’ design.

The Cochrane Community website contains further information on requirements for author teams. 2. Please note that you have 14 days after the day we email you to confirm we accept your order to change your mind and cancel your subscription, provided that you have not accessed CIL during that 14 day period, by notifying us in writing at support@cochrane.org.
A free access Internet version of MEDLINE also including records from before 1966 (old MEDLINE), some very recent records and some other life science journals. Multiple statistical comparisons increase the probability of making a Type I error, i.e. mean, mean difference, odds ratio, risk ratio or risk difference) obtained in a sample (a study or a meta-analysis) which are used as the best estimate of what is true for the relevant population from which the sample is taken. The process used to ensure that the person deciding to enter a participant into a randomised controlled trial does not know the comparison group into which that individual will be allocated. Note: there is also a fixed-effects model (i.e. risk of death). The way in which these should be presented is shown below. The difference in size of risk between two groups. The process of intervening on people with the aim of enhancing health or life expectancy. The analysis of data that measure the time to an event e.g. For example, if one group has a 15% risk of contracting a particular disease, and the other has a 10% risk of getting the disease, the risk difference is five percentage points. A statistical distribution describing the distribution of the means of samples taken from a population with unknown variance. The presence of one or more diseases or conditions other than those of primary interest. A common application is in diagnosis, where the prior probability of disease, obtained from population data, is updated to a posterior probability in the light of a positive or negative result from a diagnostic test. A group of people with an interest in establishing infrastructure funding for the work of The Cochrane Collaboration. About the Cochrane Library About Cochrane Reviews About Cochrane Review Groups Information for authors What's new Help. Statistical texts in particular are happy to discuss risk of beneficial effects as well as adverse events. How much of a medicine can be taken before it has a toxic effect. testing its efficacy). We completed a 'Risk of bias' assessment.

2. For instance, a meta-analysis of trials of elderly patients may not be generalisable to children. A bibliography (with abstracts) of articles and books about methodological issues relevant to summarising evidence of the effects of healthcare. For example, a 'non-randomised intervention study' is typically a comparative study of an experimental intervention against some control intervention (or no intervention) that is not a randomised controlled trial. A retrospective (or historical) cohort study identifies subjects from past records and follows them from the time of those records to the present. The process by which each individual CRG decides on the criteria for editing and including Cochrane Reviews in its edited module for inclusion in the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Case-control studies are usually retrospective, but not always. Height, weight and blood pressure are examples of continuous variables. For controlled trials, such aspects include randomisation, blinding and concealment of allocation. A sequential trial where the decision to stop the trial rests on the size of effect in those studies, and there is no finite maximum number of participants in the study. In a statistical test, it describes the chance of not rejecting the null hypothesis when it is in fact false. Cochrane warrants that CIL does not infringe the copyright or any other proprietary or intellectual property rights of any person. Do the same thing to other people in order to achieve the same outcomes that occurred in a study. A study with results indicating a beneficial effect of the intervention being studied. A dimensionless measure of effect that is typically used for continuous data when different scales (e.g. This indemnity shall survive the termination of this Agreement for any reason. ‘summary of findings’ table Chi-square test or statistic There can also be treatment or condition variables, e.g. For example, if one factor increases risk by a% and a second factor by b%, the additive combined effect of the two factors is (a + b)%. Colloquia take place in countries where there is a Cochrane Centre, which volunteers to host a Colloquium, and is responsible for organising it. Sensitivity analyses are used to assess how robust the results are to uncertain decisions or assumptions about the data and the methods that were used. Irrespective of the cause or form of action, Cochrane’s aggregate liability for any claims, losses, or damages arising out of any breach of this agreement shall in no circumstances exceed the fee paid by authorized user and/or subscriber to Cochrane under this agreement in respect of the subscription period during which such claim, loss or damage occurred. For example, for a comparison of treatments A and B, the participants are randomly allocated to receive them in either the order A, B or the order B, A. (Also called loss to follow up.) One of the databases in The Cochrane Library. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. The opposite of homogeneous. In most trials one intervention is assigned to each individual but sometimes assignment is to defined groups of individuals (for example, in a household) or interventions are assigned within individuals (for example, in different orders or to different parts of the body). Statistical inferences are made by extracting information from the posterior distribution, and may be presented as point estimates, and credible intervals (the Bayesian equivalent of confidence intervals). A term often used to refer to a study with results that either do not indicate a beneficial effect of treatment or that have not reached statistical significance.

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