If one is not eating enough vitamin D and does not receive enough ultraviolet sun exposure over an extended period (see section above), a deficiency may arise.

More research is needed in this area. Few foods naturally contain vitamin D, though some foods are fortified with the vitamin. Hyppönen E, Läärä E, Reunanen A, Järvelin MR, Virtanen SM. Vitamin D can improve bone, muscle, and immune system health. Although randomized controlled trials exploring the potential of vitamin D to prevent other acute respiratory infections have yielded mixed results, a large meta-analysis of individual participant data indicated that daily or weekly vitamin D supplementation lowers risk of acute respiratory infections. Vitamin D production in the skin is the primary natural source of vitamin D, but many people have insufficient levels because they live in places where sunlight is limited in winter, or because they have limited sun exposure due to being inside much of the time. People who are obese tend to have lower blood vitamin D levels. Mitri J, Pittas AG. This led to the hypothesis that low vitamin D levels might somehow increase colon cancer risk. This may be due to different study designs, differences in the absorption rates of vitamin D in different populations, and different dosages given to participants. That's because your body is built to get vitamin D through your skin (from sunlight) rather than through your mouth (by food). Garland CF, Gorham ED, Mohr SB, Grant WB, Giovannucci EL, Lipkin M, Newmark H, Holick MF, Garland FC. This is different than osteoporosis, in which the bones are porous and brittle and the condition is irreversible.

A randomized clinical trial gave 2,423 adults who had prediabetes either 4000 IU of vitamin D or a placebo daily for two years. Mackerel (especially wild-caught; eat up to 12 ounces a week of a variety of fish and shellfish that are low in mercury), Smart Grocery Shopping When You Have Diabetes, Surprising Things You Didn't Know About Dogs and Cats, Coronavirus in Context: Interviews With Experts. More research is needed before we can definitively say that vitamin D protects against the flu and other acute respiratory infections. Intake of vitamin D and risk of type 1 diabetes: a birth-cohort study. Prospective observational studies have shown that higher vitamin D blood levels are associated with lower rates of T2DM. Because vitamin D can come from sun, food, and supplements, the best measure of one's vitamin D status is blood levels of a form known as 25-hydroxyvitamin D. Levels are described in either nanomoles per liter (nmol/L) or nanograms per milliliter (ng/mL), where 1 nmol/L = 0.4 ng/mL. McCullough ML, Zoltick ES, Weinstein SJ, Fedirko V, Wang M, Cook NR, Eliassen AH, Zeleniuch-Jacquotte A, Agnoli C, Albanes D, Barnett MJ. Vitamin D and diabetes. Vitamin D and prevention of breast cancer: pooled analysis. Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, June 2008; vol 162: pp 513-519. Pepper, K.J. Also, laboratory studies show that vitamin D can reduce cancer cell growth, help control infections and reduce inflammation. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations and risk for hip fractures. Reduce bone loss and build stronger muscles. Notably, among the participants who had the lowest blood levels of vitamin D at the beginning of the study, vitamin D supplementation did reduce risk of diabetes. Osteomalacia: A condition in adults of weak and softened bones that can be reversed with supplementation. Yin L, Grandi N, Raum E, Haug U, Arndt V, Brenner H. Meta‐analysis: longitudinal studies of serum vitamin D and colorectal cancer risk. Keep in mind that this analysis has several limitations, chief among them the fact that the studies it included were not designed to explore mortality in general, or explore specific causes of death. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D deficiency and risk of MS among women in the Finnish Maternity Cohort. 831 Sockeye Salmon Is a Source of Protein. A nested case–control study of plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations and risk of colorectal cancer.

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